README FILE FOR BERING STRAIT MOORING DATA December 2012 ============================================================================= 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567 Bering Strait Moorings 2009-2010 This is an archive of data from moorings deployed in Bering Strait from summer 2009 to summer 2010. Mooring deployments were funded by the NOAA RUSALCA (Russian-US Long Term Census of the Arctic) program. The mooring work required 2 dedicated cruises: - in 2009 (23rd Aug - 2nd Sept), a ~ 10 day cruise on the Russian vessel Khromov deployed the moorings. Some CTD sections were run on this cruise, and these data are archived separately. (Note that this cruise also recovered similar moorings, under NSF-IPY funding.) - in 2010 (31st July - 11th Aug), a ~ 11 day cruise on the Russian vessel Khromov recovered the moorings. Some CTD sections were run on this cruise, and these data are archived separately. (Note that this cruise also deployed similar moorings, under NSF-AON funding.) For 2009 to 2010, a total of eight moorings were deployed: - three moorings (A1W, A1, A1E, also called A12, A11 and A13) in the Russian channel of the Strait - four moorings (A2W, A2, A4W, A4) in the US channel of the strait - one mooring (A3) at a site just north of the strait. In what follows, mooring names include a two digit suffix to represent year of deployment. Sites A1, A2, and A3 were established in 1990. A2 and A3 have been occupied almost continuously (all years except 96-97) since then. A1 was occupied for a few years from 1990,(90-91, 92-94) and then again since 2004. Site A4 was established in 2001. Sites A1E and A1W were established in 2005, and also carry Russian instrumentation not included in this archive (although documented in the cruise reports and here). Sites A2W and A4W were established in 2007. Mooring location A1 (also called A1-1) is in the middle of the western (Russian side) channel. Mooring location A1W (also called A1-2) is between A1 and the Russian coast. Mooring location A1E (also called A1-3) is between A1 and the Diomede Islands, which divide the strait. Mooring location A2 is in the middle of the eastern (Alaskan side) channel. Mooring location A3 is just north of the strait, immediately east of the Russian-US EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) line. Experience has shown that site A3 samples both eastern and western channel water. Mooring location A4 is close to the Alaskan coast and allows measurement of the Alaska Coastal Current. For an overview of previous and on-going Bering Strait mooring work, please see http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html. Moorings carry a variety of instruments, listed in the table below. All records are year-round, sampling hourly or more frequently (Time Int. in table below). Data from instruments marked with * are not included in this archive. For access to these data, please contact the named PI in list below table. 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ID Deployed Latitude Longitude Instrument S/N Time Inst. Water in Year (N) (W) Int. Depth Depth -------------------------------------------------------------------------- A1W-09 2009 65 55.99 169 37.00 ISUS* 088 - 33m 51m (A1-2) SBE16+ 4639 60min 33m 51m RCM9 636 60min 38m 51m A1-09 2009 65 54.00 169 25.98 ISCAT 7110 5min 16m 51m ISCAT-Logger 5 30min ... 51m 600kHz-ADCP 11698 30&60min 44m 51m SBE37 Microcat 5361 15min 44m 51m A1E-09 2009 65 52.00 169 16.99 AARI-CM&CTD* 50 - 31m 51m (A1-3) RCM9Turb 1173 60min 33m 51m SBE37 Microcat 4835 15min 35m 51m A3-09 2009 66 19.60 168 57.93 ISCAT 7111 5min 16m 56m ISCAT-Logger 2 30min ... 56m 300kHz-ADCP 1075 30min 46m 56m SBE37 Microcat 4836 15min 46m 56m WhaleRecorder* 128 48m 56m A2W-09 2009 65 48.06 168 47.96 ISCAT 5468 5min 18m 52m ISCAT-Logger 4 30min ... 52m 300kHz-ADCP 9396 30min 43m 52m SBE16 0005 60min 47m 52m WhaleRecorder* 129 48m 56m SBE26p-BPG 1135 30min 50m 52m A2-09 2009 65 46.87 168 34.04 ISCAT 7112 5min 17m 57m ISCAT-Logger 1 30min ... 57m 300kHz-ADCP 12845 30min 45m 57m SBE16+ 4154 60min 48m 57m ISUS* 098 - 48m 57m A4W-09 2009 65 45.42 168 21.94 ISCAT 7113 NR 17m 54m ISCAT-Logger 3 30min ... 54m 300kHz-ADCP 2332 30min 42m 54m SBE16 0007 60min 45m 54m A4-09 2009 65 44.76 168 15.75 ISCAT 7114 NR 15m 49m ISCAT-Logger 6 30min ... 49m 300kHz-ADCP 9397 30min 39m 49m SBE16 1698 60min 42m 49m SBE26p-BPG 1134 30min 47m 49m -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Depths are estimated from mooring design and pressure sensors where available, and are good to 1-2m. NR=instrument not recovered ND=No data Instruments with data included here: 300KHz-ADCP - 300kHz RDI/Teledyne Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler SBE37 Microcat - Seabird SBE 37 Temperature Salinity Pressure recorder SBE16+ - Seabird SBE16plus SBE26p-BPG - Seabird SBE26plus Bottom Pressure Gauge RCM9Turb - Aanderaa RCM9 acoustic current meter with turbidity sensor RCM9 - Aanderaa RCM9 acoustic current meter Instruments with data not included here: AARI-CM&CTD - Current meter and CTD from AARI (Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Russia), PI: Igor Lavrenov, AARI ISUS - ISUS Nitrate sensor, PI: Terry Whitledge, UAF WhaleRecorder - Passive Acoustic Whale recorder, PI: Kate Stafford, UW Each data file contains the data from one instrument-year - the listed year in the mooring name is the year in which the mooring was deployed. Turbidity data from the RCM instrument are included in this archive, although only minimal quality control of the data has been performed. The SBE16plus BPG also recorded wave burst data - this may be extracted from the .hex files included in this archive, but has not been processed here. For RCMs and SBEs, calibrated data are recorded in one file per instrument per year, with naming convention: BeringStrait_yyyy_ID_III_#####.ttt yyyy=Deployment year; ID=mooring ID; III=instrument type; #####=serial number; ttt=indicates calibration, with .pre=pre-deployment calibration used, .ppp=pre and post deployment calibrations merged. The SBE-26 hexidecimal files (unaltered from the download) are also included, indicated by extension .hex. For the ADCPs, there are multiple files per instrument. BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####ADCPraw.000 = Binary download from the ADCP (note there are sometimes two files for the ADCP - see notes below) BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_ADCPdeploytests.txt = pre deployment tests BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_ADCPrecoverytests.txt = post deployment tests The remainder are ASCII conversions of the data, corrected for clock drift and magnetic declination. BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.btm = ASCII bottom track data (including ice range and velocity) BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.ins = ASCII instrument data (e.g. heading, pitch, roll, temperature) BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_bin01.rdat = ASCII water velocity data in Bin 1 BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.bin02.rdat = ASCII water velocity data in Bin 2 etc. (Bin depths are given in the data files) BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####mbin01.rdat = ASCII data from re-averaged Bin 1 BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####mbin02.rdat = ASCII data from re-averaged Bin 2 etc. (Bin depths are given in the data files) Header information is included in each data file. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- For details of the measurements and their interpretation, please see: Roach, A.T., K. Aagaard, C. H. Pease, S.A. Salo, T. Weingartner, V. Pavlov, and M. Kulakov (1995) Direct measurements of transport and water properties through Bering Strait, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18,443-18,457. Woodgate, R.A., and K. Aagaard (2005) Revising the Bering Strait freshwater flux into the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02602, doi:10.1029/2004GL021747. Woodgate, R.A., K. Aagaard, and T. Weingartner (2005) Monthly temperature, salinity, and transport variability of the Bering Strait throughflow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, No. 4, L04601, doi:10.1029/2004GL021880. Woodgate, R. A., K. Aagaard, and T. J. Weingartner (2005) A year in the physical oceanography of the Chukchi Sea: Moored measurements from autumn 1990-1991,Deep-Sea Res., Part II, 52, 3116-3149, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.016. Woodgate, R. A., K. Aagaard, and T. J. Weingartner (2006) Interannual changes in the Bering Strait fluxes of volume, heat and freshwater between 1991 and 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15609, doi:10.1029/2006GL026931. Aagaard, K., T.J.Weingartner, S.L. Danielson, R.A. Woodgate, G.C.Johnson, T.E.Whitledge (2006), Some controls on flow and salinity in Bering Strait, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19602, doi:10.1029/2006GL026612. Woodgate, R. A., T. Weingartner, and R. Lindsay (2010), The 2007 Bering Strait oceanic heat flux and anomalous Arctic sea-ice retreat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L01602, doi:10.1029/2009GL041621. Woodgate, R. A., T. Weingartner, and R. Lindsay (2012), Observed increases in Bering Strait oceanic fluxes from the Pacific to the Arctic from 2001 to 2011 and their impacts on the Arctic Ocean water column Geophys. Res. Lett., in press. For an overview, please see: http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html For queries, please contact: Rebecca Woodgate woodgate@apl.washington.edu (206) 221-3268 Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Lab, University of Washington 1013 NE 40th, Seattle, WA 98105-6698 USA FAX (206) 543-6785 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Meta data ========= 1) Platform: Subsurface oceanographic moorings 2) Project title: Bering Strait 3) Data collection dates: summer 2009 to summer 2010 4) PI: Rebecca Woodgate (woodgate@apl.washington.edu) Tom Weingartner (weingart@ims.uaf.edu) 5) Data collection method: Year-round moorings carrying - Aanderaa recording current meters (RCM) - Sea-Bird temperature/conductivity and pressure recorders (SBE) - RDI 300kHz and 600 kHz Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) 6) Data calibration method: Unless noted otherwise in the header on each data file, timestamps have been corrected for observed instrument clock drift. All times are given in GMT. For RCMs and SBEs, calibration coefficients are given in header file. RCMs: - Predeployment calibrated by the manufacturer (AA), - pre-calibration used for data reduction. - where indicated in the headers, direction has been corrected by lookup table rather than fitted polynomial - direction corrected to true north, magnetic declination used is cited in the header - RCM9 data has been corrected for the temperature/pressure variability of the speed of sound using temperature data from the RCM SBEs: - Generally pre and post calibrated by the manufacturer (indicated by suffix .ppp) - pre and post calibrations linearly time-weighted through the deployment. - .pre suffix indicates only pre-cruise calibration used ADCPS: Tested by APL/UAF/manufacturer pre deployment. - A2W, A2, A4W, A4 compasses calibrated as per manufacturer's specifications in Seattle prior to deployment. Estimated compass error is included in the header file - A1 and A3 ADCPs may have batteries exchanged at sea and thus compass calibration may be poor - see headers - where available, at sea compass check also included in header file - direction corrected to true north, magnetic declination used is cited in the header. - data requiring speed of sound in water is corrected by the ADCP using the water temperature measured by the ADCP. - intensity of returned signals is not specially calibrated. 7) Instrumentation used: (see table for sampling frequencies) Aanderaa current meters RCM-9 (one with optics sensor) Sea-Bird SBE26plus recorders Sea-Bird SBE16 recorders Sea-Bird SBE16plus recorders Sea-Bird SBE37 recorders ISCAT loggers (SBE37 Microcat logging data to an APL-Logger) RDI 300 or 600 kHz Workhorse ADCP - bin size either 2m or 1m. (if the latter, .000 data is at original bin size, and extracted data averaged onto 2m bins). 8) Quality control procedures: Quality control provided by Rebecca Woodgate. RCM and SBE data checked against each other where possible. RCM-9 measurements of water velocity depend on the speed of sound in water. The manufacturer's default is to assume a sound speed of 1500 m/s. In data processing, we use RCM temperature and mooring information of instrument depth to obtain a more accurate speed of sound at the RCM during deployment, and thus recompute the water velocity (Cor Speed). RCM optical data is not quality controlled and should be treated with caution. ADCP data rely on ADCP internal temperature for speed of sound corrections. ADCP on A1 and A3 recorded in 1m bins. This archive contains the original binary file of this data (without correction for magnetic declination). For the ascii files in this archive (which are corrected for magnetic declination), these data are averaged onto 2m bins to match other deployments. ADCP Data files are included for all bins up to the surface although bins near the surface contain much larger errors (likely due to surface effects) and should be treated with caution. 9) Data format: RCM and SBE data - ASCII, format given in individual headers (uncalibrated "hex" data also included for SBE26p) ADCP data - 2 formats: a) BINARY download file from ADCP and b) ASCII conversion of these files (in 2m bins) 10) Data collection problems: (Only major issues recorded here. Fuller details given in file headers.) By Mooring: - the 2009-2010 moorings were somewhat biofouled on recovery (photographs of this are included in the archive). In the case of mooring A2W, this likely prevented the successful firing of the first release, but the mooring was successfully released by the second release of the mooring. Optics data is likely contaminated by this biofouling and should be treated with caution. By Instrument: === RCMs A1W09_rcm9_636 - true temperature calibration not available. Thus, average temperature calibration used, adjusted to match the overlying SBE during the times of freezing. Error introduced < 0.1 deg C, likely < 0.05 deg C - tilt and signal strength only nominally calibrated A1E09_rcm9_1173 - instrument leaked, but continued recording - salinity data highly erroneous, fixed salinity used for speed of sound calculation - turbidity, tilt and signal strength only nominally calibrated === SBE26p (Bottom Pressure Gauge and Wave Recorder) A2W09_1135 A409_1134 - .hex files contain unprocessed wave burst data (processing software SeasoftforWaves included in archive) - converted pressure data show no obvious problems === SBE16 A1W09_4639 - only pre cruise calibration available - battery exhausted on recovery - partial failure of pressure sensor A2W09_0005 - 0.03 psu salinity different pre-post calibrations - unresolved issue on timing may result in 1hr time uncertainty in data A209_4154 - only pre cruise calibration available - battery exhausted on recovery - partial failure of pressure sensor A4W09_0007 - 0.03 psu salinity different pre-post calibrations A409_1698 - 0.03 psu salinity different pre-post calibrations === SBE37s (non-ISCAT) A109_sbe5361 - only precal available A1E09_sbe4835 - only precal available A309_sbe4836 - only precal available === ISCATS (Loggers and SBE37s) A109 - SBE37 5361 - recovered, data ok - Logger 5 - stopped recording in Oct 2009 likely due to battery issue A309 - SBE37 7111 - recovered, data ok (clock correction required) - Logger 2 - stopped recording in Oct 2009 likely due to battery issue A2W09 - SBE37 5468 - recovered, data ok - Logger 4 - stopped recording in Dec 2009 likely due to battery issue A209 - SBE37 7112 - recovered, data ok (clock correction required) - Logger 1 - stopped recording in Nov 2009 likely due to battery issue A4W09 - SBE37 7113 - lost after Nov 2009 and before recovery - Logger 3 - stopped recording in Nov 2009 likely due to battery issue, but possibly due to iscat loss A409 - SBE37 7114 - lost after Nov 2009 and before recovery - Logger 6 - stopped recording in Nov 2009 likely due to battery issue, but possibly due to iscat loss === ADCPs A109_adcp11698 - stopped after ~ 1month in water, and restarted ~ 2 days later using different plan and no bottom tracking, with a reset of the clock to 1994, and loss of compass calibration. 2 sets of files recorded here. See file headers. - original 1m data in first part of record, reaveraged to 2m bins for ascii files A309_adcp1075 - battery likely exchanged at sea so compass calibration unreliable - original 1m data, reaveraged to 2m bins for ascii files - data good to bin 16-19 (12-6m) A2W09_adcp9396 - instrument stopped itself during deployment, but restarted on same plan 2 hrs later - bin 1 has large velocity errors - bin 8 has iscat contamination - some large (>20deg) tilt events - data good to bin 15 A209_adcp12845 - bin 1 has large velocity errors - some large (>20deg) tilt events - data good to bin 15 A4W09_adcp2332 - bin 1 has large velocity errors - bins 8 and 9 has iscat contamination - some large (>20deg) tilt events - data good to bin 13 A409_adcp9397 - bin 1 has large velocity errors - some large (>20deg) tilt events - data good to bin 14 Photographic documentation of biofouling on recovery is available via cruise reports, included here and on the Bering Strait website: http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html. 11) Other related data sets: This data set is a continuation of mooring measurements made in the Bering Strait almost continuously since 1990. Mooring data have already been archived via the SBI project, managed by JOSS/EOS, and at NODC. For details see http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/sbi/ http://sbi.utk.edu/ http://www.nodc.noaa.gov Since 2000, CTD sections have been run in the Bering Strait on the mooring cruises. This data is also accessible via the http links above. 12) Conditions for use or citation: Data freely available Please, as a courtesy, contact the PIs before using these data 13) Data qualifications or warnings: See also Data collection problems. The temperature (T) and conductivity (C) recorded by a RCM are significantly less accurate than those recorded by a SBE. In most instances, a SBE was located very close to a RCM, so that the former would provide the record of choice for T and C even when the RCM measured both parameters. For data issues relevant to a specific deployment, see the individual headers. In general: RCM data: Standard Aanderaa limitations apply - estimated accuracy 2 cm/s in speed, 5 deg in direction, 0.05 deg C in temperature, >= 0.01 S/m in conductivity (corresponds to >= 0.2 psu in salinity). SBE data: Standard Sea-Bird limitations apply - estimated accuracy 0.02 deg C, 0.0012 S/m (corresponding to 0.02 psu), and < 1 db. - see header files for difference between pre and post calibration which indicate change of between 0.02 and 0.1 psu. This should be taken into account when using data from instruments with no post-cruise calibration. SBE26plus data: Standard Sea-Bird limitation apply - estimated accuracy 0.01 deg C, 0.01% of full scale (for these deployments, range 60db, thus accuracy 0.006db) ADCP data: Standard RDI limitations apply - estimated accuracy ~ 0.5 cm/s for water velocities (~100 pings per ensemble) Estimated errors (given in the files) vary with bin and time ~ 1 cm/s for ice velocities (2 or 5 pings per ensemble) Estimated errors (given in the files) vary with time ~ 1 deg in direction (see header files) Range to ice - accurate to 1% of range to surface (i.e. ~ 0.4 m) ~ 0.4 deg C in temperature Optical Sensor Data: These unmodified records are included, although no quality control of the data has been performed, as noted in the header files. This leaves final judgments about record quality to the user. 14) Grant numbers: Mooring sponsorship came from - NOAA Arctic Research RUSALCA - Russian-US Longterm Census of the Arctic: http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/aro/russian-american/ 15) Sample repository locations: National Ocean Data Center (http://www.nodc.noaa.gov) University of Washington (http://psc.apl.washington.edu/HLD) ============================================================================== FILE LISTING ============= Total number of files: Main directory: 35 files and 5 subdirectories Size (kb) Name ------- ---- = Metadata file (1 file) 44 Bering_Strait_Moorings_RUSALCA_09to10_ReadMe.txt = cruise reports (2 files) 4088 UWmooringreportKhromov2009_versOct09.pdf 4144 CruiseReportKhromov2010wEL_verNov11.pdf = RCM (2 files) 852 BeringStrait_2009_A1E_rcm9_1173.pre 724 BeringStrait_2009_A1W_rcm9_636.pre = SBE26plus - Bottom Pressure and Wave Recorder (4 files) - 2 .hex files of raw data - 2 .ppp files of pre-post calibrated Pressure and Temp 10208 BeringStrait_2009_A2W_sbe26p_1135.hex 1156 BeringStrait_2009_A2W_sbe26p_1135.ppp 10208 BeringStrait_2009_A4_sbe26p_1134.hex 1156 BeringStrait_2009_A4_sbe26p_1134.ppp = SBE16 (5 files) - 3 .ppp files of pre-post calibrated data - 2 .pre files of pre-cruise calibrated data 648 BeringStrait_2009_A1W_sbe16_4639.pre 684 BeringStrait_2009_A2W_sbe16_0005.ppp 684 BeringStrait_2009_A2_sbe16_4154.pre 684 BeringStrait_2009_A4W_sbe16_0007.ppp 684 BeringStrait_2009_A4_sbe16_1698.ppp = SBE37 Microcat (3 files) - 3 .pre pre-cruise calibrated data 2752 BeringStrait_2009_A1E_sbe37_4835.pre 2752 BeringStrait_2009_A1_sbe37_5361.pre 2760 BeringStrait_2009_A3_sbe37_4836.pre = ISCAT data (10 files) - 6 ICLog*.pre of pre calibrated logger data - 4 ICsbe37*.ppp pre-post calibrated SBE37 data 208 BeringStrait_2009_A1_ICLog05_7110.pre 444 BeringStrait_2009_A2W_ICLog04_5468.pre 280 BeringStrait_2009_A2_ICLog01_7112.pre 248 BeringStrait_2009_A3_ICLog02_7111.pre 256 BeringStrait_2009_A4W_ICLog03_7113.pre 272 BeringStrait_2009_A4_ICLog06_7114.pre 8276 BeringStrait_2009_A1_ICsbe37_7110.ppp 8328 BeringStrait_2009_A2W_ICsbe37_5468.ppp 8324 BeringStrait_2009_A2_ICsbe37_7112.ppp 8324 BeringStrait_2009_A3_ICsbe37_7111.ppp = Photos of mooring recovery biofouling (8 files) 156 BeringStrait_A109_Recoveryphotos2010.jpg 168 BeringStrait_A1E09_Recoveryphotos2010.jpg 216 BeringStrait_A1W09_Recoveryphotos2010.jpg 224 BeringStrait_A209_Recoveryphotos2010.jpg 200 BeringStrait_A2W09_Recoveryphotos2010.jpg 160 BeringStrait_A309_Recoveryphotos2010.jpg 268 BeringStrait_A409_Recoveryphotos2010.jpg 228 BeringStrait_A4W09_Recoveryphotos2010.jpg 5 subdirectories of ADCP data 32 BeringStrait_2009_A1_adcp11698 8 BeringStrait_2009_A2W_adcp9396 16 BeringStrait_2009_A2_adcp12845 12 BeringStrait_2009_A3_adcp1075 8 BeringStrait_2009_A4W_adcp2332 8 BeringStrait_2009_A4_adcp9397 Within each subdirectory: - one or more .000 files (original downloads) - one or more .txt files of deployment/recovery tests - one .btm file of bottom track data - one .ins file of instrument data - several .rdat files of data from each ADCP bin. mbin indicates averaged to 2m bins 11698 wrote 2 files with different plan settings, and these are archived as A and B. Note that for B there is no bottom track data.