README FILE FOR BERING STRAIT MOORING DATA June 2017 ============================================================================= 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567 Bering Strait Moorings 2014-2015 This is an archive of data from moorings deployed in Bering Strait from summer 2015 to summer 2016. Mooring deployments were funded by the NSF-Arctic Observing Network award PLR-1304052 (PI: Woodgate, Heimbach and Nguyen). The mooring work required 2 dedicated cruises: - in 2015 (1st - 9th July), a ~ 9 day cruise on the US vessel Norseman2 deployed the moorings. Some CTD sections were run on this cruise, and those data are archived separately. - in 2016 (7th - 15th July), a ~ 9 day cruise on the US vessel Norseman2 deployed the moorings. Some CTD sections were run on this cruise, and those data are archived separately. For 2015 to 2016, a total of three moorings were deployed: - two moorings (A2 and A4) in the US channel of the strait, - one mooring (A3) at a site just north of the strait. In what follows, mooring names include a two digit suffix to represent year of deployment. Sites A2, and A3 were established in 1990. A2 and A3 have been occupied almost continuously (all years except 96-97) since then. Site A4 was established in 2001. Mooring location A2 is in the middle of the eastern (Alaskan side) channel. Mooring location A3 is just north of the strait, immediately east of the Russian-US EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) line. Experience has shown that site A3 samples both eastern and western channel water. Mooring location A4 is close to the Alaskan coast and allows measurement of the Alaska Coastal Current. For an overview of previous and on-going Bering Strait mooring work, please see http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html. Moorings carry a variety of instruments, listed in the table below. All records are year-round, sampling hourly or more frequently (Time Int. in table below). Data from instruments marked with * are not included in this archive. For access to these data, please contact the named PI in list below table. 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ID Deployed Latitude Longitude Instrument S/N Time Inst. Water in Year (N) (W) Int. Depth Depth -------------------------------------------------------------------------- A3-15 2015 66 19.60 168 57.04 ISCAT 13001 NR 15m 56m ISCAT-Logger 21 30min ... 56m 300kHz-ADCP 2269 30min 42m 56m SBE16 1700 60min 43m 56m AURAL M2* 235 - 48m 56m A2-15 2015 65 46.86 168 34.08 ISCAT 5591 5min 14m 54m ISCAT-Logger 24 30min ... 54m 300kHz-ADCP 2232 30min 44m 54m AURAL M2* 234 - 48m 54m SBE16 1224 60min 49m 54m A4-15 2015 65 44.76 168 15.77 ISCAT 13002 NR 14m 47m ISCAT-Logger 06 30min ... 47m 300kHz-ADCP 2234 30min 36m 47m AURAL M2* 246 - 40m 47m SBE16 1698 60min 41m 47m -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Depths are estimated from mooring design and pressure sensors where available, and are good to 1-2m. NR=instrument not recovered ND=No data Instruments with data included here: ISCAT - SBE37IM in ice resistant float, telemetering data inductively to a Logger below (system developed at APL-UW) 300KHz-ADCP - 300kHz RDI/Teledyne Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler SBE37 Microcat - Seabird SBE 37 Temperature Salinity Pressure recorder SBE16woptic - Seabird SBE16plus with optical data (including some or all of fluorescence, turbidity, transmissivity and PAR) - see headers SBE26p-BPG - Seabird SBE26plus Bottom Pressure Gauge RCM9Turb - Aanderaa RCM9 acoustic current meter with turbidity sensor RCM9LW - Aanderaa Lightweight RCM9 acoustic current meter Instruments with data not included here: AARI-CM&CTD - Current meter and CTD from AARI (Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Russia), PI: Igor Lavrenov, AARI ISUS - ISUS Nitrate sensor, PI: Terry Whitledge, UAF AURAL M2* - Aural Marine Mammal Acoustic Recorder, PI: Kate Stafford, UW Each data file contains the data from one instrument-year - the listed year in the mooring name is the year in which the mooring was deployed. Optics data from the SBE instruments are included in this archive only in the hex files (unconverted). For calibration data, please contact Tom Weingartner, UAF. For RCMs and SBEs, calibrated data are recorded in one file per instrument per year, with naming convention: BeringStrait_yyyy_ID_III_#####.ttt yyyy=Deployment year; ID=mooring ID; III=instrument type; #####=serial number; ttt=indicates calibration, with .pre=pre-deployment calibration used, .ppp=pre and post deployment calibrations merged. The SBE-16 and 37 hexidecimal files (unaltered from the download) are also included, indicated by extension .hex or .asc For the ADCPs, there are multiple files per instrument. BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####ADCPraw.000 = Binary download from the ADCP BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_ADCPdeploytests.txt = pre deployment tests BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_ADCPrecoverytest.txt = post deployment tests The remainder are ASCII conversions of the data, corrected for clock drift and magnetic declination. BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.btm = ASCII bottom track data (including ice range and velocity) BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.ins = ASCII instrument data (e.g. heading, pitch, roll, temperature) BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_bin01.rdat = ASCII water velocity data in Bin 1 BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.bin02.rdat = ASCII water velocity data in Bin 2 etc. (Bin depths are given in the data files) Header information is included in each data file. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- For details of the measurements and their interpretation, please see: Roach, A.T., K. Aagaard, C. H. Pease, S.A. Salo, T. Weingartner, V. Pavlov, and M. Kulakov (1995) Direct measurements of transport and water properties through Bering Strait, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18,443-18,457. Woodgate, R.A., and K. Aagaard (2005) Revising the Bering Strait freshwater flux into the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02602, doi:10.1029/2004GL021747. Woodgate, R.A., K. Aagaard, and T. Weingartner (2005) Monthly temperature, salinity, and transport variability of the Bering Strait throughflow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, No. 4, L04601, doi:10.1029/2004GL021880. Woodgate, R. A., K. Aagaard, and T. J. Weingartner (2005) A year in the physical oceanography of the Chukchi Sea: Moored measurements from autumn 1990-1991,Deep-Sea Res., Part II, 52, 3116-3149, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.016. Woodgate, R. A., K. Aagaard, and T. J. Weingartner (2006) Interannual changes in the Bering Strait fluxes of volume, heat and freshwater between 1991 and 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15609, doi:10.1029/2006GL026931. Woodgate, R. A., T. Weingartner, and R. Lindsay (2010), The 2007 Bering Strait oceanic heat flux and anomalous Arctic sea-ice retreat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L01602, doi:10.1029/2009GL041621. Woodgate, R.A., T. Weingartner, and R. Lindsay (2012), Observed increases in Bering Strait oceanic fluxes from the Pacific to the Arctic from 2001 to 2011 and their impacts on the Arctic Ocean water column, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L24603, doi:10.1029/2012GL054092. For an overview, please see: http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html and Woodgate, R.A., K.M.Stafford and F.G.Prahl (2015) A synthesis of year-round interdisciplinary mooring measurements in the Bering Strait (1990-2014) and the RUSALCA years (2004-2011), Oceanography 28(3):46-67, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2015.57 For queries, please contact: Rebecca Woodgate woodgate@apl.washington.edu (206) 221-3268 Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Lab, University of Washington 1013 NE 40th, Seattle, WA 98105-6698 USA FAX (206) 543-6785 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Meta data ========= 1) Platform: Subsurface oceanographic moorings 2) Project title: Bering Strait 3) Data collection dates: summer 2015 to summer 2016 4) PI: Rebecca Woodgate (woodgate@apl.washington.edu) 5) Data collection method: Year-round moorings carrying - Sea-Bird temperature/conductivity and pressure recorders (SBE) - RDI 300kHz Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) - APL data loggers for inductive data from ISCAT system 6) Data calibration method: Unless noted otherwise in the header on each data file, timestamps have been corrected for observed instrument clock drift. All times are given in GMT. For SBEs, calibration coefficients are given in header file. SBEs: - Generally pre and post calibrated by the manufacturer (indicated by suffix .ppp) - pre and post calibrations linearly time-weighted through the deployment. - .pre suffix indicates only pre-cruise calibration used ADCPS: Tested by APL/manufacturer pre deployment. - compasses calibrated as per manufacturer's specifications in Seattle prior to deployment. Estimated compass error is included in the header file - where available, at sea compass check also included in header file - direction corrected to true north, magnetic declination used is cited in the header. - data requiring speed of sound in water is corrected by the ADCP using the water temperature measured by the ADCP. - intensity of returned signals is not specially calibrated. 7) Instrumentation used: (see table for sampling frequencies) Sea-Bird SBE16 recorders ISCAT loggers (SBE37 Microcat logging data to an APL-Logger) RDI 300 kHz Workhorse ADCP - bin size 2m 8) Quality control procedures: Quality control provided by Rebecca Woodgate. ADCP data rely on ADCP internal temperature for speed of sound corrections. ADCP Data files are included for all bins up to the surface although bins near the surface contain much larger errors (likely due to surface effects) and should be treated with caution. 9) Data format: SBE data - ASCII, format given in individual headers (uncalibrated "hex" data also included for SBEs) ADCP data - 2 formats: a) BINARY download file from ADCP and b) ASCII conversion of these files (in 2m bins) 10) Data collection problems: By Mooring: - no particular problems. On two moorings A2 and A3, both releases were used to release the moorings as in both cases, the original release failed to cause the mooring to surface. However, on recovery, in both cases, both releases had opened. - biofouling is a typical issue in the strait, but biofouling was moderate this year (A3 with the least biofouling, then A2 and with moderate/heavy biofouling at A4). Photographic documentation of biofouling on recovery is available via cruise reports, included here and on the Bering Strait website: http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html. By Instrument: === ISCATS (Loggers and SBE37s) A215 - SBE37 5591 - lost March 2016 - Logger 24 - Data good A315 - SBE37 13001 - lost Jan 2016 - Logger 21 - Data good A415 - SBE37 13002 - lost March 2016 - Logger 06 - Data good === ADCPs Note that ADCP range measurements are not corrected for pitch and roll. For full discussion and correction, see: Woodgate and Holroyd, 2011, included in archive. A215_adcp02232 - bin 1 has high velocity errors up to ~ time of iscat loss - pitch and roll generally < 10 deg, peaking at 20 deg - oddly sharp change of pitch on 8th Aug 2016, 0400 - range measurements not corrected for pitch and roll - data generally good until Bin14 (~14m) - temperature data not quality controlled A315_adcp02269 - bin 1 has high velocity errors up to ~ time of iscat loss - pitch and roll generally < 10 deg, peaking at 12 deg - both pitch and roll have offsets of ~ 3-5deg, possibly relating to SBE mounted on side of ADCP cage - range measurements not corrected for pitch and roll - data generally good until Bin14 (~12m) - temperature data not quality controlled A415_adcp02234 - bin 1 has high velocity errors up to ~ time of iscat loss - bins 8/9 also have higher errors up to ~ time of iscat loss - pitch and roll generally < 10 deg, peaking at 20 deg - range measurements not corrected for pitch and roll - data generally good until Bin12 (~10m) - temperature data not quality controlled === SBE16 (no optics) A215_1224 - cell clear on recovery - 0.048psu salinity different pre-post calibrations - end of deployment CTD suggests mooring salinity is 0.38psu too fresh by the end of the record even after post cruise cal A315_1700 - cell clear on recovery - 0.058psu salinity different pre-post calibrations - end of deployment CTD suggests mooring salinity is 0.1psu too fresh by the end of the record even after post cruise cal A415_1698 - cell clear on recovery - vane broken off mooring sometime during deployment - 0.040 psu salinity different pre-post calibrations (Mooring A415 also carried SBE37 7156 from OSU, however post recovery tests suggest this instrument, although mounted vertically, is reading at least 0.25psu too fresh by recovery. These SBE37 data, being OSU's, are not included in this archive.) - for records 2016-2214 (JD266.96 and JD275.21), salinity data are suspect, being ~ 0.9psu fresher than the SBE37, which was deployed only 2m deeper on the same mooring and was typically 0.03-0.07psu fresher. These salinity data are not corrected here. 11) Other related data sets: This data set is a continuation of mooring measurements made in the Bering Strait almost continuously since 1990. Mooring data have already been archived via the SBI project, managed by JOSS/EOS, and at NODC. For details see http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/sbi/ http://sbi.utk.edu/ http://www.nodc.noaa.gov Since 2000, CTD sections have been run in the Bering Strait on the mooring cruises. This data is also accessible via the http links above. 12) Conditions for use or citation: Data freely available Please, as a courtesy, contact the PIs before using these data 13) Data qualifications or warnings: See also Data collection problems. For data issues relevant to a specific deployment, see the individual headers. In general: SBE data: Standard Sea-Bird limitations apply - estimated accuracy 0.02 deg C, 0.0012 S/m (corresponding to 0.02 psu), and < 1 db. - see header files for difference between pre and post calibration which are usually 0.03 psu or greater. - Note that post-calibrations on the SBE16s suggests salinity sensor drift during deployment of between 0.02 and 0.1psu, and this should be considered if post calibrations are not available - Note also that clogging of the salinity cell during deployment will not be captured by the post calibration and thus generally ends of records should be suspected for anomalously low salinities, especially if the SBE is not mounted vertical. (see notes above for A2-15 and A3-15 salinities) ADCP data: Standard RDI limitations apply - estimated accuracy ~ 0.5 cm/s for water velocities (~100 pings per ensemble) Estimated errors (given in the files) vary with bin and time ~ 1 cm/s for ice velocities (2 or 5 pings per ensemble) Estimated errors (given in the files) vary with time ~ 1 deg in direction (see header files) Range to ice - accurate to 1% of range to surface (i.e. ~ 0.4 m) ~ 0.4 deg C in temperature Note that ADCP range measurements are not corrected for pitch and roll. For full discussion and correction, see: Woodgate and Holroyd, 2011, included in archive. 14) Grant numbers: Mooring sponsorship came from - National Science Foundation (NSF) Arctic Observing Network (AON) program, grant PLR-1304052 (PI: Woodgate, Heimbach and Nguyen) 15) Sample repository locations: National Ocean Data Center (http://www.nodc.noaa.gov) University of Washington (http://psc.apl.washington.edu/HLD) ============================================================================== FILE LISTING ============= Total number of files: 100 including 4 subdirectories Size (b) Name --------- ---- = Metadata file (1 file) 24578 Bering_Strait_Moorings_2015-2016_NSFAON_ReadMe.txt = Cruise reports (2 files) and 1 technical note (1 file) 9619195 BeringStrait2015CruiseReport_Norseman2_31stJuly2015_withBlogandEL.pdf 9220707 BeringStrait2016CruiseReport_Norseman2_9thAugust2016wEL.pdf 1853097 WoodgateandHolroyd2011_BTrangeCorrection.pdf = ISCAT data (3 files) - 3 ICLog*.pre of pre calibrated logger data - 0 ICsbe37*.ppp pre-post calibrated SBE37 data - 0 ICsbe37*.cnv raw SBE37 data 956017 BeringStrait_2015_A2_ICLog24_5591.pre 713297 BeringStrait_2015_A3_ICLog21_13001.pre 971880 BeringStrait_2015_A4_ICLog06_13002.pre = SBE16 (6 files) - 3 .hex files of raw data - 3 .ppp files of pre-post calibrated data (see also con file directory) 759121 BeringStrait_2015_A2_sbe16_1224.ppp 181126 BeringStrait_2015_A2_sbe16_1224raw.hex 759159 BeringStrait_2015_A3_sbe16_1700.ppp 181106 BeringStrait_2015_A3_sbe16_1700raw.hex 759243 BeringStrait_2015_A4_sbe16_1698.ppp 181126 BeringStrait_2015_A4_sbe16_1698raw.hex .. and the 4 subdirectories, One subdirectory of SBE .con calibration files ./BeringStrait_2015_SBEconfiles - 6 calibration files for SBEs 4764 sbe16_1224preOct14.con 4774 sbe16_1698preOct14.con 4789 sbe16_1700preOct14.con 4789 sbe16_1224posAug16.con 4788 sbe16_1698posAug16.con 4788 sbe16_1700posAug16.con Three subdirectories of ADCP data, naming conventions as described above: ./BeringStrait_2015_A2_adcp2232: 4239631 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232.btm 2187037 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232.ins 50307 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_ADCPdeploytests.txt 12159621 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_ADCPraw.000 15420 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_ADCPrecoverytests.txt 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin01.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin02.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin03.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin04.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin05.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin06.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin07.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin08.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin09.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin10.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin11.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin12.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin13.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin14.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin15.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin16.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin17.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin18.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin19.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin20.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin21.rdat 3195335 BeringStrait_2015_A2_02232_bin22.rdat ./BeringStrait_2015_A3_adcp2269: 4238772 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269.btm 2186634 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269.ins 75892 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_ADCPdeploytests.txt 12256638 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_ADCPraw.000 26798 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_ADCPrecoverytests.txt 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin01.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin02.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin03.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin04.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin05.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin06.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin07.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin08.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin09.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin10.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin11.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin12.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin13.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin14.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin15.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin16.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin17.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin18.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin19.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin20.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin21.rdat 3194708 BeringStrait_2015_A3_02269_bin22.rdat ./BeringStrait_2015_A4_adcp2234: 4240101 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234.btm 2187279 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234.ins 54106 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_ADCPdeploytests.txt 12160971 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_ADCPraw.000 18777 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_ADCPrecoverytests.txt 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin01.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin02.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin03.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin04.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin05.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin06.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin07.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin08.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin09.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin10.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin11.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin12.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin13.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin14.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin15.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin16.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin17.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin18.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin19.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin20.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin21.rdat 3195689 BeringStrait_2015_A4_02234_bin22.rdat +++++++++ END OF FILE LISTING ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++